The International Monetary Fund has slashed its forecasts for growth in the United States, China and most countries, citing the impact of United States tariffs now at 100-year highs, and warning that further trade tensions would slow growth further.
The IMF released on Tuesday an update to its World Economic Outlook compiled in just 10 days after US President Donald Trump announced universal tariffs on nearly all trading partners and higher rates, currently suspended, on many countries.
It cut its forecast for global growth by 0.5 percentage point to 2.8 percent for 2025, and by 0.3 percentage point to 3 percent from its January forecast that growth would reach 3.3 percent in both years.
It said inflation was expected to decline more slowly than expected in January, given the impact of tariffs, reaching 4.3 percent in 2025 and 3.6 percent in 2026, with "notable" upward revisions for the US and other advanced economies.
The IMF called the report a "reference forecast" based on developments through April 4, citing the extreme complexity and fluidity of the current moment.
"We are entering a new era as the global economic system that has operated for the last 80 years is being reset," IMF chief economist Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas told reporters.
The IMF said the swift escalation of trade tensions and "extremely high levels" of uncertainty about future policies would have a significant impact on global economic activity.
"It's quite significant, and it's hitting all the regions of the world. We're seeing lower growth in the US, lower growth in the euro area, lower growth in China, lower growth in other parts of the world," Gourinchas told Reuters in an interview.
"If we get an escalation of trade tensions between the US and other countries, that will fuel additional uncertainty, that will create additional financial market volatility, that will tighten financial conditions," he said, adding the bundled effect would further lower global growth prospects.
Weaker growth prospects had already lowered demand for the dollar, but the adjustment in currency markets and portfolio rebalancing seen to date had been orderly, he said.
"We are not seeing a stampede or a run to the exits," Gourinchas said. "We're not concerned at this stage about the resilience of the international monetary system. It would take something much bigger than this."
However, medium-term growth prospects remained mediocre, with the five-year forecast stuck at 3.2 percent, below the historical average of 3.7 percent from 2000-2019, with no relief in sight absent significant structural reforms.
The IMF slashed its forecast for growth in global trade by 1.5 percentage points to 1.7 percent, half the growth seen in 2024, reflecting the accelerating fragmentation of the global economy.
Trade would continue, but it would cost more and it would be less efficient, he said, citing confusion and uncertainty about where to invest, where to source products and where to buy components. "Restoring predictability, clarity to the trading system in whatever form is absolutely critical," he said.
The global economy needs a clear and predictable trading system. If countries ease their current tariffs and forge new trade agreements, this would help improve growth prospects. @pgourinchas' blog explains. https://t.co/o9UHFhEUAA pic.twitter.com/VxFvB26rFE
— IMF (@IMFNews) April 22, 2025
US growth down, inflation up
The IMF downgraded its forecast for US growth by 0.9 percentage point to 1.8 percent in 2025 - a full percentage point down from 2.8 percent growth in 2024 - and by 0.4 percentage point to 1.7 percent in 2026, citing policy uncertainty and trade tensions.
Gourinchas told reporters the IMF was not forecasting a recession in the US, but the odds of a downturn had increased from about 25 percent to 37 percent. He said the IMF was now projecting US headline inflation to reach 3 percent in 2025, one percentage point higher than it forecast in January, due to tariffs and underlying strength in services.
That meant the Federal Reserve will have to be very vigilant in keeping inflation expectations anchored, Gourinchas said, noting that many Americans were still scarred by a spike in inflation during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Asked about the impact of any moves by the White House to remove Fed Chair Jerome Powell, Gourinchas said it was "absolutely critical" that central banks were able to remain independent to maintain their credibility in addressing inflation.
US stocks suffered steep losses on Monday as the US president ramped up his attacks on Powell, fueling concerns about the central bank's independence.
US neighbours Canada and Mexico, both targeted by a range of Trump's tariffs, also saw their growth forecasts cut. The IMF forecast Canada's economy would grow by 1.4 percent in 2025 and 1.6 percent in 2026, instead of 2 percent growth projected for both years in January.
It predicted Mexico would be hard hit by tariffs, with its growth dipping to a negative 0.3 percent in 2025, a sharp 1.7 percentage point drop from the January forecast, before recovering to 1.4 percent growth in 2026.
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Source: TRT